http://hdl.handle.net/11716/10907 2026-04-29T06:50:30Z http://hdl.handle.net/11716/10929 Decision-forcing cases – decyzyjne studia przypadku Gudmundsson, Bruce Ivar; Klasa, Marek (tłumaczenie) A decision-forcing case is an exercise which asks students to solve a problem faced by an actual person at some point in the past. Because the problem is drawn from real life, a decision- forcing case is a type of case study. Because students are asked to provide specific solutions to a concrete problem, a decision-forcing case is also a kind of decision game. In other words, a decision-forcing case is both a case study that asks students to make a decision and a decision-game based on real facts. A case study that describes an event without asking students to make a decision is not a decision-forcing case. Rather, it is a ‘retrospective case study’. Likewise, a decision game based upon an imaginary scenario is not a decision-forcing case, but a ‘fictional decision game’. Decision-forcing cases offer a variety of benefits to students. Some of these benefits are a function of the links between decision-forcing cases and an actual events. Others derive from the requirement that students examine the case from the point of view of a particular individual. Some of the benefits of learning from decision-forcing cases result from the requirement that students make, explain, and defend decisions. Others are a product of the need to make sense of many different kinds of evidence. A few of the benefits of the use of decision-forcing cases – and these tend to be the most important benefits – come from the interaction of these different aspects. One of these is the fact that decision- forcing cases are inherently engaging. Indeed, if taught properly, they are a great deal of fun. The other is that decision-forcing cases do a far better job of imparting factual knowledge than teaching methods that are solely concerned with the delivery of facts. 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11716/10928 Optymalizacja bezpieczeństwa społecznego w środowisku lokalnym – zarys problematyki Kobiałka, Andrzej The article presents the dependence of social security in relation to the problem of local environments. There was an in-depth analysis of social security from the terminological outline to the search for optimal solutions. The structure of sustainable and safe development is illustrated and described in the local environment together with the characteristics of the individual components. The security strategy is presented in a synthetic way, referring directly to social issues. 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11716/10927 Krążownik ciężki – problemy klasyfikacyjne. Część 1: Geneza i definicja krążownika ciężkiego Jastrzębski, Jarosław This article is the first in a series of six texts devoted to classification problems in the group of artillery ships such as heavy cruisers. He deals with the genesis of the heavy cruiser and formulates its definition, necessary for making reliable scientific analyzes. In the following, they will be discussed based on the result of comparing the characteristics of specific vessels with the adopted definition of a heavy cruiser: ships of the disputed classification, fleets of this class of ships of all ten countries possessing them, and their global characteristics. Due to the fact that different navies in the world use different classifications of ships for their needs, it is necessary to adopt criteria in military science to classify a specific vessel into a specific class. This is important to be able to make meaningful estimates and comparisons of the strength of fleets, their individual organizational structures, and individual ships. This also applies to heavy cruisers, especially as there are disagreements over the assignment of numerous ships to this collection. The classification of a cruiser as a heavy category is determined by the fulfillment of the following criteria: – primary armaments consisting of at least 6 guns with a caliber exceeding 155 mm but not exceeding 203 mm with the same barrel length; – all main artillery enclosed in towers; – all main artillery towers located along the ship’s longitudinal symmetry axis. 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11716/10926 Ochrona granicy państwowej z wykorzystaniem bezzałogowych statków powietrznych Parczewski, Rafał; Borowczyk, Tomasz; Stankowski, Daniel The article describes the basic tasks of the Border Guard as the Polish security formation. After Poland joined the Schengen Area, the external border became the common border of the European Union. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles to protect the state border is a very important element in maintaining its inviolability. Unmanned aerial vehicles thanks to their functionalities and modern technology are able to effectively minimize the risks associated with illegal migration or smuggling of goods without Polish tax excise stamps. 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z