http://hdl.handle.net/11716/9973 2026-04-10T10:05:40Z http://hdl.handle.net/11716/9990 Wielka Brytania Pawłowska, Agnieszka The article presents the traditions of British local government, starting from the Anglo- Saxon period. Special attention is paid to the nineteenth century reforms: establishment of ad hoc boards and elected councils in boroughs, counties and districts. Proceedings of local government commissions of 1960s are analyzed, as well as main settlements of the 1972 Local Government Act. Political and legal conditions of local administration activities are described, among them the basics of British constitutional system – omnipotence of the Parliament, the Westminster model of government and the two-party system. The nature of ultra vires doctrine is explained; a variety of legal regulations referring to local government are presented. Changes in local government structure in the fall of the 20th century are characterized, as well as recent modifications in a number of local authorities. Tasks and competencies of local administration are categorized and named. Considerable changes in their scope and nature took place in the 1980s, during the Conservative government. The roots of Prime Minister M. Thatcher’s politics towards local authorities, their functions and finances are explained, as well as elements of continuity and change in the politics of the New Labour. The sources of local finances are enumerated. The transformation from domestic rate through community charge to council tax is clarified. Financial control of Audit Commission is also mentioned. Principles of local elections and reasons of low turn-out are explained. The committee system of local councils is described, as well as the reforms undertaken by the Labour government. Principles of the Local Government Act from 2000 are presented, as well as their adoption among local authorities. A picture of Greater London Authorities is given. In the conclusion, a question of devolution and its results on the local government is mentioned. Dokument cyfrowy wytworzony, opracowany, opublikowany oraz finansowany w ramach programu "Społeczna Odpowiedzialność Nauki" - modułu "Wsparcie dla bibliotek naukowych" przez Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego w projekcie nr rej. SONB/SP/465103/2020 pt. "Organizacja kolekcji czasopism naukowych w Repozytorium UP wraz z wykonaniem rekordów analitycznych". 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11716/9989 Ukraina Kęsek, Rafał The territorial structure of Ukraine is based on the principles of unity and indivisibility of the state territory, the combination of centralisation and decentralisation in the exercise of state power. The system of the administrative and territorial structure of Ukraine is composed of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, oblasts, districts, cities, city districts, settlements and villages. Ukraine’s current administrative system is typified by a high level of centralization of functions and concentration of resources at the county and oblast levels. In addition, there is an enormous gap in the economic and demographic profiles of communities and counties. The current situation actually hampers the development of proper local government in villages, towns and county-level cities. According to the Constitution, there are two centres of power at oblast and county levels: an appointed state administration and an elected council. A slew of conflicts between the state government and local governments are written into legislation. Local government legislation also fails to clearly divide powers, duties and responsibilities among different levels of local government – communities, counties and oblasts. State and local budget policy makes local development impossible today. Most communities do not even hale development budgets, and all resources are directed at covering day-to-day needs. One major factor underlying current problems in local government in Ukraine is also the lack of professionals, especially in local governments. Proportional elections to municipal and oblast councils have led to a situation where these bodies often represent party interests, but not the interests of their electorates. Dokument cyfrowy wytworzony, opracowany, opublikowany oraz finansowany w ramach programu "Społeczna Odpowiedzialność Nauki" - modułu "Wsparcie dla bibliotek naukowych" przez Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego w projekcie nr rej. SONB/SP/465103/2020 pt. "Organizacja kolekcji czasopism naukowych w Repozytorium UP wraz z wykonaniem rekordów analitycznych". 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11716/9988 Turcja Bieniek, Karol; Węglarz, Barbara While main principles referring to the local government in Turkey are regulated by the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey, particular regulations are formulated by specific laws. Dualism remains the main feature of the Turkish administration: it means that authorities, while having their own capabilities, are also responsible for duties imposed by the central government administration. Local authorities, which are supposed to provide local and common services, are autonomous units created outside the frameworks of the central administration. There are three basic types of local government in Turkey: provinces, municipalities (including metropolitan municipalities) and villages. All three units have legal personalities, separate budgets, and are entitled to impose taxes. Democratic control is inherent in the units of local administration; this control is relatively strong in municipal and rural areas. On the provincial level, democratic control seems to be moderate, mainly due to poor identification of citizens with the highest level of the local government. Financial sources from the general budget are granted proportionally to tasks of each unit. Due to ongoing changes in the social structure of Turkey, main duties of local administration units are nowadays performed by the administration of municipalities and metropolitan municipalities. Dokument cyfrowy wytworzony, opracowany, opublikowany oraz finansowany w ramach programu "Społeczna Odpowiedzialność Nauki" - modułu "Wsparcie dla bibliotek naukowych" przez Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego w projekcie nr rej. SONB/SP/465103/2020 pt. "Organizacja kolekcji czasopism naukowych w Repozytorium UP wraz z wykonaniem rekordów analitycznych". 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11716/9987 Słowenia Zawistowska, Renata Slovenia is a very interesting, significant European country, although it is also one of the smallest in area and population. It is located in a picturesque, clearly distinct, independent and diversified region, situated between the Alps and the Adriatic Sea, forming the southwestern corner of Central Europe. The territorial self-government in Slovenia was formed in the 19th century according to Austrian patterns. It was based on single municipal and country parishes, possessing great freedom of action, with hardly any control from outside. The traditions of modern Slovenian self-government go back to the principles of Workers’ self-management, accepted in former Yugoslavia on the 13th January, 1953. The legal bases of self-government are contained in the Constitution of Slovenia from 1991 and the Bill on Self-Governments from 1993. They are in compliance with the fundamental standards and general principles formulated in the European Charter of Local Self- Government. The present system of self-government in Slovenia is one-level and consists of over 210 parishes. The most important organs of both country and municipal parishes are: the Parish Council, żupan, and the Board of Governors; and their most important document is the parish statute. Parishes in Slovenia have greater powers than in other European Union countries. Without their prior consent the country cannot impose any task on them. On entering the EU, Slovenia took it upon itself to form the second level of self-government, i.e. regions (pokrajiny). Consecutive governments are willing to form them, but practical and economical Slovenians do not want them. An important and practical part in the structure of Slovenian self-government is played by two associations of parishes and some scientific institutes, especially the ones in Lublana and Maribor. To deal with state affairs, 58 basic administrative units (districts) have been formed. Both the Italian and Hungarian national minorities, as well as the Romany ethnic group may legally participate in the activity of Slovenian self-governments. Direct democracy, openness of public life and high political culture are clearly visible in Slovenia, especially in the activity of parishes. Dokument cyfrowy wytworzony, opracowany, opublikowany oraz finansowany w ramach programu "Społeczna Odpowiedzialność Nauki" - modułu "Wsparcie dla bibliotek naukowych" przez Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego w projekcie nr rej. SONB/SP/465103/2020 pt. "Organizacja kolekcji czasopism naukowych w Repozytorium UP wraz z wykonaniem rekordów analitycznych". 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z