http://hdl.handle.net/11716/12411 Wed, 29 Apr 2026 22:19:39 GMT 2026-04-29T22:19:39Z http://hdl.handle.net/11716/12429 Baza materialna i stan kadrowy sądownictwa na Górnym Śląsku w pierwszych miesiącach po wyzwoleniu Krzyżanowski, Lech The situation of the judiciary in Upper Silesia after World War II resembled to some extent the circumstances of the creation of the Polish justice system in 1922. In both study periods, the basic problem was the shortage of staff. After World War I there was a low percentage of the Polish intelligentsia, characteristic of the whole of the former Prussian district. In 1945, in turn, the lack of staff was due to a significant extension of the Silesian appeal district, and to the fact that a large part of the judiciary staff, especially of Jewish origin, had lost their lives during the war. After World War II the Ministry of Justice tried to train for work in the judiciary persons without legal training, but with left-wing views. That guaranteed sentencing in accordance with the political line of the new government. In the first period of the post-war justice system in Upper Silesia, the facilities were certainly worse than in 1922. Most of the buildings had been completely destroyed. The pace of initiating the Polish justice system deserves positive assessment. After both World Wars, the courts in Upper Silesia began operating as one of the first Polish offices. Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11716/12429 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11716/12428 Reformy terenowego aparatu władzy i administracji. Od likwidacji samorządu do prób jego odbudowy Kozioł, Ryszard The Polish People’s Republic can be divided into five basic stages of rebuilding the system of local government and administration, for which the boundary years were 1944, 1950, 1958, 1972 and 1983. The reforms carried out then (mainly for political reasons) significantly modified the earlier systemic solutions. Changes of 1950 were a regression in relation to prior solutions from the years 1944–1950; and all subsequent reforms after 1958 were an attempt to modernize and seek more effective institutions and mechanisms of the system. The then functioning system of national councils guaranteed monopoly of the state in the implementation of public tasks, and simultaneously eliminated or marginalized the importance of local government. During the whole period of the Polish People’s Republic, the role of national councils was dominated by the function of transfer of tasks from the central to the local level. The hierarchical system of the councils, with an officially imposed structure, strictly subordinated to the party centers and to the central administrative and economic apparatus, proved to be inefficient. Despite the constant changes for its modernization, the local system was not capable of empowerment of local communities. The false concept of unity of all public interest, resulting from ideological imponderables, determined the inefficiency of the council system. A conflict, which could not be overcome, was rooted in the identification of the general social interest and the local interests. General evaluation of the reform turned out to be negative. The general regulations introduced were a setback in comparison with the pre-war solutions and did not withstand competition with the classical systems of local government then functioning in Western democracies. Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11716/12428 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11716/12427 Modernizacja Polski lokalnej. Fakty, mity, oceny Piasecki, Andrzej The process of modernization must take into account the territorial balance. Therefore, considering the modernization of Poland in the years 1945–1989, this paper presents the regional and local specificities of the phenomenon, with particular emphasis on the development of one city and district [powiat]. The changes that have most improved the situation of living in the provinces included electrification, industrialization, urbanization, improving communication, improving nutrition elimination of illiteracy and unemployment, as well as social advancement. The most important barriers to the development of local communities in Poland to be considered are: the liquidation of local government and the process of collectivization. The balance of the local Polish modernization in the years 1945–1989 is definitely positive. This is particularly evident from the example of one city, which in this article provides an excellent case study. While preserving the success of the criticism of the propaganda accompanying this modernization, mindful of its costs and negative economic effects felt after 1990 (trouble with restructuring), it must be stressed that the modernization balance of the period of the Polish People’s Republic in this city will certainly be positive. Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11716/12427 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11716/12426 Polskie służby specjalne w latach 1983–1996. Wybrane aspekty Żebrowski, Andrzej Special services are an area of interest in different environments whose evaluation is not always objective. Obtaining knowledge of policies behind the tasks implemented by these services as well as their structures and operational and reconnaissance activities is extremely difficult in practice because that activity is protected by the state under penalty of applicable laws. The presented structural changes that took place between 1983 and 1996 show the evolution of both civilian and military intelligence and counterintelligence. In the years 1983–1990, civil servants, i.e. Department I (intelligence) and Department II (counterintelligence) were in the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. However, the military structures, such as the Board of the II General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces (intelligence) and the Internal Military Service (counterintelligence) were in the structure of the Ministry of National Defence. The system transition initiated by the so-called Round Table in 1989 also affected the reorganization of the special services. Following these actions, after the dissolution of these services, the Office for State Protection and the Military Information Services were established. These services carried out their tasks in a complex internal and external situation, which had a significant impact on the tasks, on the power concerning the ongoing operational and reconnaissance activities as well as on the organizational structures. Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11716/12426 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z