Marksizm a abstrakcja jednostki ludzkiej: Adam Schaff oczami Ewalda Iljenkowa

Abstract

The article deals with the criticism that Evald Ilyenkov directed at the suggestion made by Adam Schaff in Marksizm a jednostka ludzka (Marxism vs. an individual). The Soviet Marxist accuses Schaff of being an elitist and criticizes his perception of changes in moral development of the authority. Instead, Ilyenkov proposes that alienation in socialist countries should be seen as a phenomenon tied to the relic of private property that can be overcome only by actual socialization of possession. According to Ilyenkov, Schaff’s diagnosis of the situation and solutions proposed by him stem from the lack of understanding of the Marxist perception of a human being. Schaff’s abstract humanism presented by Ilyenkov appears to be a result of the Polish philosopher’s affair with neo-positivism leading to the acceptance of a individual’s dominance over the entirety of social relationships and understanding the human as a collection of certain features common to every individual. In the article, said criticism was connected with Ilyenkov’s philosophy of what is concrete. Ilyenkov’s polemic with existentialist and neo-positivist tendencies in soviet philosophy of that time was provided as background necessary for understanding the topic discussed. The main ideas of Ilyenkov’s understanding of the Marxist humanism were also presented.