The Jewish national army was of great significance to the national awareness of every Jew. However, the reign of Alexander Janneus (103-76 B.C.) marks the decline of its meaning of a symbol unifying the Jewish nation, ...

Dramatic events during the 16th and 18th centuries were responsible for the destruction of part of the Vatican Archives including the documents on the Inquisition and ecclesiastical censorship. Thus, it is worth drawing ...

The article aims at establishing how travellers perceived, depicted and evaluated Spanish women in the context of their rich travelling experience. What were the aspects those travellers focused on, did their reports ...

The author traces the changes in the depiction of the Huns in Roman literature since the Romans’ first encounter with those “two-legged beasts” until the break of the 5th and 6th centuries. Sample descriptions of the ...

Polish and foreign diaries of the 17th century disclose abundant information about the social perception of crime and justice. Theft, rape, murder and also cruel punishment for crime are all common in everyday living. ...

The article presents the customs in one of the most famous Polish secondary schools at the beginning of the 19th century, namely Volyn Gymnasium in Krzemieniec, in the Russian partition of Poland. The school’s founder ...

The study deals with several hundred letters of Bohdan Chmielnicki from the years 1648-1657. They come from the most active period of the Hetman of the Zaporozhye army and they both testify to his excellent diplomatic ...

One of the stages of the self-education movement among the youth is connected with the activity that was inspired and organised by the magazine which was devoted to the problems of the young people from secondary schools ...

The Democratic Party (SD) started its underground activities in the first months of German occupation. It played a significant role in Underground Poland, although considerably minor in comparison with the activity of ...